Huxley’s Brave New World Essay Example For Students

Huxley’s Brave New World Essay The subject of Huxley’s Brave New World is network, personality, and soundness. Every one of these three subjects speaks to what a Brave New World society needs to have so as to endure. As indicated by the new world controllers, network is an aftereffect of character and dependability, personality is a piece of hereditary designing, and steadiness is the thing that everybody wants to accomplish. These subjects are spoken to in the book by the emblematic importance of the expression â€Å"Children are from bottles† and the sleep inducing phrase â€Å"Everybody has a place with everyone else† (qt. Hazlitt 285). For a superior understanding it is valuable to investigate these subjects in detail. Network alludes to the idea of one entire unit. Everybody is associated, by their activities toward one another in consistently life, sexual wants, and what they do to expel the sentiment of appalling feelings. This connectedness and untruth, and its belongings can be found in the character of Bernard, an individual who despises what society has become. Bernard is appalled by the idea of â€Å"having anyone† he says, alluding to sexual relations with ladies. Bernard is yearning for a feeling of independence which he can't forces in Brave New World. He developed with a reluctance increased to the pitch of desolation. He is completely hopeless, and maybe it is his own fault† (Huxley 86, ch. 5). Subsequently endangering the soundness of the network all in all, close to the end, it was concluded that he be exiled to the Falkland Islands, with the goal that he was unable to tell any other person of his independence. In Brave New World people group is maintained and fortified at any expenses. Personality is the one thing that nobody individual can understanding. There is no individual personality in Brave New World. There is just an aggregate personality which is shared by all citizenry. Aggregate Identity is accomplished by compelling everybody in the public eye to accommodate. It is kept up in the public eye by causing somebody who has any distinction to feel diverse nearly as an outsider. Yet, now and again as on account of the character Bernard, individuals in Brave New World long for their own personality. For instance, Bernard was having emotions and considerations he isn't pleased with, â€Å"Did you ever feel you had a type of extra power,† Bernard said to a companion while talking mystery (Huxley 69, ch. ). The additional force Bernard is alluding to is uniqueness. This shows as much as the world controllers attempt to deny individuals of their independence, it can't be removed that without any problem. Soundness is 33% of these three objectives, yet it is the one most referenced in the book. â€Å"The world is steady at this point. Individuals are cheerful; they’re willfully unaware of enthusiasm and mature age; they’re so molded that they essentially can’t help carrying on the manner in which they should behave† (Huxley 226, ch. 16). The craving for solidness, requires the creation of enormous quantities of hereditarily indistinguishable people, since individuals who are actually the equivalent are more averse to collide. Steadiness is found in Brave New World to limit struggle, hazard, and change. Setting assumes an especially significant job in Brave New World. The epic opens around 600 years later. Human progress as individuals realize it has finished. There has become another world express, an almighty government headed by ten world controllers. Practically all hints of the past have been deleted. Confidence in Christ has been supplanted by confidence in the network. The cross has been supplanted by the T, and My Life and Work has supplanted the holy book. â€Å"Religion like real learning flourish with penances and interests, which are outlandish in a normalized shallow world with its modest retail establishment happiness† (Hesse 286). Yet, a few pieces of the world were permitted to continue as before. For instance, the savage reservation, the New Mexican home of the Zuni Indians. It is a world away from human progress, the Zunis are still compromise by malady, rottenness, and religion. The sensational effect of Scene One in the Glass Menagerie EssayWhen Huxley was sixteen and an understudy, a disorder made him almost visually impaired, however he had the option to recuperate enough to go to Oxford college. Huxley graduated Oxford with distinction and distributed his first book, an assortment of sonnets, in 1916. It is during this time he found an enthusiasm for composing. After school, Huxley moved to fundamentalist Italy. His encounters in Italy with the extremist government and its strategies fortified his viewpoint that the fate of society was bound to an Authoring way. In view of this thought Huxley started to compose Brave New World. It took just four months for Huxley to compose Brave New World. Remember that Huxley composed Brave new World before the ascent of Hitler to control in Germany and before Stalin began murdering millions in the Soviet Union. Huxley had then no genuine motivation to make oppression and fear significant components in his story. After world war II Huxley said â€Å"The future autocracy of my fictional universe was significantly less ruthless then the future dictatorships† (qtd. Oreston 307). Clearly alluding to the wrongdoings of Hitler and Stalin when world war two. What Huxley thought to be an exaggerated gander at the future dictatorship’s ended up being no were as merciless as reality. Out of nowhere, the narrative of Brave New World didn't appear to be so much like fiction as it did a window to what's to come. â€Å"That men don't gain particularly from the exercises of history is the most significant of the considerable number of exercises that history needs to teach† (Huxley qtd. Yonson 3). It is this readiness of man to commit a similar error twice that in 1997 the thoughts in Brave New World don't appear that distant base. A great many people believed that with the breakdown of the Soviet Union it would stop the anguish and an all controlling government. Be that as it may, with a deluge of clones, unnaturally conceived children, government controls of TV, unnecessary savagery, and the quest for the ideal state of mind modifying drug. Who is to state that Brave New World isn't earth in fifty years? As more individuals lose their independence they become associated with network. It is with this association that they start to let others control their lives and humankind is now traveled toward that path. Exciting modern lifestyle ought not exclusively be viewed as an extraordinary bit of sci-fi. It ought to be viewed as a notice. Of what can happen when individuals satisfy the impact of outside sources.

buy custom National Organization of Students Needing Help essay

purchase custom National Organization of Students Needing Help paper The accompanying arrangement plots the different approaches to follow so as to make National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) effective. This association means to use the understudy association to carry change to the different elements influencing the understudy society. NOCASH targets arriving at dominant part of the school going understudies in America. This is planned for binding together the power towards bringing an improved government assistance for the understudies both in schools and inside the country. NOCASH targets pushing for thought of the American understudies when making approaches concerning the American culture. NOCASH as a gathering be that as it may, is to confront a few misfortunes in the mission for the different objectives. This will require creation of different choices planned for beating the difficulties (Binodananda 48). Conquering obstructions The association National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) envisions different misfortunes in their objectives. These should be checked and reasonable plans made to guarantee the objectives are met as well as met in a convenient and precise way. A portion of this misfortunes and the prescribed arrangement to defeat them incorporate; a) Financial hindrances The association NOCASH faces absence of sufficient funds as a significant test that takes steps to ground the exercises of the association. These can anyway be defeated through a blend of measures which incorporate; Completing of noble cause work basically in government extends as a byproduct of subsidizing in different exercises. These will likewise go far into promoting the association inside the nation since numerous administration ventures are generally national wide. A portion of these exercises incorporate aiding natural assurance and safeguarding exercises The association NOCASH can likewise look for financing from contributors who welcome the job of understudy associations inside the schools, the understudy lives and the American country. NOCASH ought to likewise try to raise some money from the enrollment expenses of the individuals. This will help make a pool of accounts for the running of the association. The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) can likewise use their numbers to raise money for their association. This is to occur through the production of a promoting stage for different organizations intending to contact undergrads. b) Leadership hindrances NOCASH as an association focusing to go national is probably going to confront authority issues because of t its size and number of individuals in the association broadly. This impediment anyway can be defeated through assigning obligations to different understudies in the different locales or conditions of the United States of America .These will alo go far into painting the gathering as a national association henceforth having a more prominent Impact (Dunkel and Schuh 34). c) Membership issues The association NOCASH additionally faces a significant test of deficient enrollment. This deterrent to NOCASHs achievement can be defeated through different part persuading techniques. These incorporate; NOCASH ought to give satisfactory discussions to collaboration between the understudies and the working organization. This will help address the issue of joblessness through making joins between the understudies and their potential businesses (Binodananda 67). The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) should likewise think of a compensating framework who acquaints a companion with the association. This will help spur existing individuals to enroll more people into the gathering. The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) ought to likewise use different media in contacting the undergrads. The different media that can be used incorporate; the online life, messages, articles in school magazines and the national papers. NOCASH will likewise need to use different mainstream and well wishing characters to interest the undergrads. NOCASH ought to likewise anticipate supporting different understudy exercises, for example, camps, between school rivalries and school parties. These occasions ought to have conditions, for example, free section for the individuals and extra advantages, for example, VIP treatment for dynamic people. These will help pull in all school going understudies to NOCASH. Such exercises can likewise give great roads to sell stock subsequently raising some income for the association. In future the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) should look forward at giving modest presents to its individuals on vital days and celebrations, for example, the individuals birthday celebrations (Dunkel and Schuh 13). Systems The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) has different significant goals. These incorporate, preparing general supposition and affecting and convincing chosen pioneers. These targets should be met without stressing the money related muscle of the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH).The systems planned for accomplishing these objectives incorporate; Procedures towards assembling general feeling The procedures planned for activating popular assessment are; advocating for the national privileges of understudies; advancing profound quality among the understudies broadly; pushing for the assurance of nature and bringing the warning up in instances of government abuse on the understudies and their folks. These will assist with making a picture of a mindful association to the open henceforth revitalizing huge open help.. This will help the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) to be an association to deal with in the United States (Binodananda 32). Systems towards impacting and convincing chosen pioneers The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) expects to activate its individuals and every strong gathering, (for example, the guardians to undergrads) during the general decisions to decide in favor of pioneers who, grasp the privileges of understudies, target improving the lives of the basic American resident. This will tag along route into guaranteeing the general public disapproved of pioneers are placed into office. These endeavors of the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) will send messages to the electorate on the intensity of the association. The activities of the association additionally target placing into power pioneers who will work with NOCASH (Dunkel and Schuh 56). Other understudy associations in America In America there are different understudy associations that have been existent. These associations experience differing levels of fame among the American understudies. Some are perceived broadly while others are just perceived inside the limits of the particular universities. A portion of these associations include;theStudentVeterans of America; the aptitudes U.S.A and the understudy association of Washington college. These associations have used systems, for example, utilizing the national broad communications to promote their exercises. This methodology can be used by the National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) to promote their preferred pioneers in future decisions just as advance the exercises of NOCASH. These associations have additionally used systems, for example, cooperating with network houses of worship to help advance ethical quality of the understudies. The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) can use this approach as well. NOCASH can use this system not exclusively to give ethics to its individuals and impact open help. The understudy associations in America additionally use the system of delivering attire with data supporting their participation (Binodananda 45). The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) ought to use this measure to expand its fame just as the fame of its favored possibility for any authority position. Contenders The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) has a few rivals in cooking for the necessities of undergrads. A genuine model is the US Public Interest Research Group. The National Organization of Collegiate American Students Needing Help (NOCASH) can beat their impact by working close with its individuals who are understudies. Purchase custom National Organization of Students Needing Help article

The Hardest Books Weve Ever Read

The Hardest Books Weve Ever Read What book to you humble brag about having read? We all have one, that super-difficult book you slogged through one summer on principle in your pre-DNFing days. As I see it, there are two basic categories of difficult. Some books are difficult to read because of the subject matter. A few years ago, for example, I read Jon Krakauers  Missoula  and let me tell you: that is a hard book to read. The subject matter, sexual assault on college campuses and the failure of both the legal and  educational systems to help  victims, is just brutal. Krakauers crystal clear prose doesnt make it easy on the reader, either. Other books are difficult to physically process as prose. Im absolutely willing to admit that I will stick with a book that has difficult subject matter long after Ive abandoned an experiment in postmodernist fiction. Id like to tell you that the most difficult book I ever read was a Russian classic or Homers  Iliad in Ancient Greek. Sadly, I am not that sophisticated. The hardest book Ive ever read was  House of Leaves by  Mark Z. Danielewski. For as long as I can remember, my anxiety dreams have tended to involve creepy houses (not haunted houses but houses where something is slightly off, or Im lost, or someone is looking for me. Maybe I should talk to someone about this?). Anyway,  I picked up House of Leaves  as a teenager because it used  this fundamentally creepy premise but I had no experience reading post-modern books. So while I adored the story of a family that moves into a house that seems to be bigger on the inside than on the outside, to this day Im not really sure I understand what happened. It took me a long time to get through  and, honestly, Im not even sure I read it correctly. There are parts you have to read in a mirror, color coded passages, and footnotes linking two distinct stories together. On balance, Im glad I read it it is deeply creepy but I  havent really made any effort to read postmodern fiction since. That might be unfair?  At the same time, I do kind of like knowing what the f*ck is happening on the page. I got  curious about what genres  of writing are  a struggle for my fellow readers  so I asked the Book Riot contributors what book they groan about when they remember reading it. Like House of Leaves,  the  books they talked about are difficult to read in the most literal way: complicated sentences, disjointed plots, books that are a million pages long and hard to hold up after a while, etc. Please use the comments to tell us/humble brag about the hardest book youve ever read! The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoyevsky I read The Brothers Karamazov when I was a senior in high school. The class was simply called “The Russians” and the class was comprised of a bunch of guys from the debate teamand me. The school was private, academically rigorous (we claimed the debate team was the most successful “sports” team we’d ever have and we weren’t wrong), and intense. My interests were reading, writing, and smoking pot. I had no idea what the hell The Brothers Karamazov was about. There was a handy list of names in the front of the book but every time I started to follow the plot, we’d break off and debate philosophy or Russian history and I’d be lost all over again. All I remember from the book is a really cool scene with Ivan and the devil (spoiler alert? No idea.). I’m tempted to pick it up and give it another go but then I have prep school debater flashbacks and I decide to curl up with a Babysitter’s Club book instead. There are only like seven characters, max, in each BSC book. Katie MacBride Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste by Pierre Bourdieu The summary and subtitle of this book makes it sound really interesting, and something I want to know more about. It’s about taste and cultural goods, and what your upbringing, education, occupation, and class status can reveal about the kinds of books, movies, art, music, and sports you enjoy. Some of Bourdieu’s more famous theoretical concepts, such as cultural capital and habitus, are discussed in this book. But I could not finish this book. First, it’s huge. Roughly the size of a brick and about just as heavy. Second, and this is the main reason, I find it difficult to read long, complex sentences that go for days. And that is pretty much Bourdieu’s writing style. By the time I reached the end of a sentence, I’d forgotten what the beginning was about. Now that the penny has dropped and I understand his theories, it doesn’t seem so bad, but it took me years to learn to read him. And I was never brave enough to attempt the entire book. Jen Sherman   The Bible Why is The Bible so hard to read? Comparing narration times at Audible.com, The Bible is about as long as The Stand and Anna Karenina combined, books I had no trouble finishing. Long, but not that long. Length doesn’t make The Bible a hard read. Nor does its variety of prose styles. All kinds of people have been reading it for thousands of years. Yet, it feels like climbing Mt. Everest to read from Genesis through Revelations. Hard to read comes from hard to relate. I’ve struggled for years to finish, but to be honest, I keep bogging down in books of boring begats, or other long forgotten histories. I’ve read many of 39 books of the Old Testament, but some of them are downright tedious. The 27 books of the New Testament are easier on average, but it too has deserts of dry words to traverse. In 2016 I finally learned the secret of making the boring books fascinating. Read about each book first, even if it’s just the Wikipedia entry. Once I learn why a book was written, and how it fits into history, archeology and literature, the easier it is to enjoy for what it was meant to be. I especially recommend reading Who Wrote the Bible? by Richard Elliott Friedman before reading the first five books (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy) and The Bible Unearthed by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman for the next nine. James Wallace Harris Ulysses by James Joyce I feel like I should just write “Because… Ulysses” and I would be done with this entry. Seriously, why does James Joyce want to hurt my eyeballs? But joke’s on him! I finished it! I can’t tell you a damned thing about that book, but I read every.single.page. And it’s possible that my corneas paid the price. Elizabeth Allen Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand The language in Atlas Shrugged is bare-bones simple, which is effective in some ways, because Rand is most definitely talking down to her audience and wants to make sure they fully digest her pre-chewed ideas without missing a morsel. For me, the book was a natural progression after reading Anthem in high school, one of her essays in college, and her biography on a whim. However, tell people you’re reading Atlas Shrugged and you will discover that the journey tends to transform people into insufferable “nobody deserves the fruits of my labor but me, and poor people deserve every hardship that comes their way” jerks. Or at least, that’s the impression I got the entire time I was reading the book. Don’t get me wrong, Shrugged is a total slog, but it had some okay statements in it about integrity, valuing yourself and your work, and understanding the value of a dollar. However, everyone else seemed to have already met That Guy in college who absorbed only the worst concepts from Rand’s work and lectured anyone who’d listen about them. I was only trying it out of intellectual curiosity (and maybe a little smugness)! I remember reading most of the book on an e-reader, partly because my library’s hardback edition was a pain to lug around, but also because I didn’t like getting eyerolls from people assuming I was reading it to complete my metamorphosis into a “got mine” libertarian. Thomas Maluck Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace What’s not hard about this book? Seriously, the fact that it’s 1,000+ pages was probably the easiest part of my reading experience. Between the alternate timeline (what year is the year of the whopper, again?) to the more than two hundred characters to fragmented, nonlinear structure nothing about this book cuts the reader any slack. Did I forget to mention the footnotes? Oh the footnotes. Luckily, this book is highly chronicled on the Internet. Once I broke down and read through various resources including, outlines, chronologies, and character lists the reading got a lot more fun. And the book is magical. I can’t explain why, but I loved it. I found myself unwilling to let go as I reached the final pages.  Alison Doherty   Manhattan Transfer by John Dos Passos I think it should be a crime to have students in under grad honors classes read this. Manhattan Transfer captures early twentieth century New York in several hundred pages, hopping from character to character. The jumps between character and the experimental prose make for a confusing narrative. Even with a week spent on the book, I had no idea what was going on by the end of it. Priya Sridhar   The Familiar, Volume 1: One Rainy Day in May by Mark Z. Danielewski Seriously, how do I read this? This beautiful, confounding beast of a novel gave me motion sickness. THE WORDS ARE RAINDROPS. EVERYTHING IS COLOR-CODED. Jan Rosenberg

Pronunciation-Based Changes in the Spanish Words for And and Or

Two of the most common conjunctions in Spanish — y (meaning and) and o (meaning or) — can change spelling and pronunciation based on the word that follows. In that way, they are much like the a of English changing to an before a vowel sound. And, like the a-to-an change, the transformation is based on how the following word is pronounced rather than how it is spelled. When Do Y and O Change? Both the y and o changes help keep the conjunction from blending into the following word. (The blending of two words into what sounds like one is called elision when it involves the dropping or omission of sounds, and it is common in both English and Spanish.) Here are the changes that are made: Y becomes e when it precedes a word that begins with the i sound. Typically, y becomes e when it precedes most words that begin with i- or hi-.O becomes u when it precedes a word that begins with the o sound. Thus o becomes u when it precedes words words starting with o- or ho-. Because the changes are based on pronunciation rather than spelling, y does not change before words, such as hierba, that begin with the ia, ie, io, or iu sound, regardless of spelling. Those two-letter combinations are known as diphthongs; the initial sounds are very similar to the Spanish y sound when y comes before a vowel. Sample Sentences Showing Use of Y and O Reciben tratamiento cruel e inhumano. (They are receiving cruel and inhumane treatment. The y changes to e because the inhumano begins with the i sound.) Nuestro conocimiento nos enseà ±a dos cosas claras: posibilidades e imposibilidades. (Our knowledge teaches us two clear things: possibilities and impossibilities. The e is used because imposibilidades begins with the i sound.) Fabricamos barras e hilos de cobre. (We manufacture copper bars and wires. The e is used because hilos begins with the i sound even though the first letter is h.)   Està ¡ enteramente construido de nieve y hielo. (It is built completely of snow and ice. The y does not change because hielo begins with the ie diphthong.) Hay un equilibrio osmà ³tico y ià ³nico. (There is an osmotic and ionic equilibrium. The y is used because ià ³nico begins with the io diphthong.) Hay muchas diferencias entre catolicismo e hinduismo. (There are many differences between Catholicism and Hinduism. The y changes to e because hinduismo begins with the i sound even though its first letter is h.) Vendemos productos de limpieza e higiene. (We sell cleaning and hygiene products. Higiene begins with the i sound.) Usamos punto y coma para separar las frases u oraciones que constituyen una enumeracià ³n. (We use a semicolon to separate phrases or sentences that make up a list.) No recuerdo si fue ayer u hoy. (I dont remember if it was yesterday or today. Unlike with the changes involving y to e, the o changes even though oy is a diphthong.)  ¿Quà © operador de telà ©fonos ofrece las tarifas mà ¡s baratas para viajar a à frica u Oriente Medio? (Which phone operator offers the lowest costs for traveling to Africa or the Middle East? The rule of changing o to u applies even if the word following is a proper noun.) La Can Make Similar Change The desire to keep the sounds of important words from being lost due to elision is also behind the changing of la to el in some circumstances with feminine sounds. Although there are exceptions, el is used instead of la before singular feminine nouns where the first syllable of the noun is stressed. Thus the eagle is el à ¡guila even though à ¡guila is feminine. The change doesnt occur with plural nouns or where the stress isnt on the first syllable. In standard written Spanish, una becomes un (meaning one, a, or and) under the same circumstances. Thus, an eagle is un à ¡guila. These changes and those involving y and o are the only situations where Spanish changes words depend on sounds that follow. Key Takeaways The Spanish conjugation y (meaning and) changes to e when the word that follows begins with the i sound.The Spanish conjugation o (meaning or) changes to u when the word that follows begins with the o sound.These changes are triggered by pronunciation only, not how a word is spelled.

Essay on Protest Songs Throughout the Vietnam War

Throughout all the anti-war protests and marches during the Vietnam War, it is interesting to note the changes in the music of that time. From the beginning of the war, where support and loyalty from Americans was present in songs, to the end of the war, where anger and distrust was evident in musical lyrics, American’s opinion changed about the war. This change in opinion was easily recognized by the altering of musical lyrics about the war when Americans grew tired of the constant sending of U.S. troops to Vietnam. The growing dissatisfaction with the Vietnam War led to increasing levels of anger and hostility in the popular music of the time. In 1965, Lyndon Johnson, with solid support from the American public, made the decision to†¦show more content†¦This area in San Francisco named after two interesting streets became a mecca, of sorts for the hippie movement. It was a generally peaceful movement advocating universal love and rejection of conventional values. T hey used songs such as â€Å"Where have all the Glowers Gone† and â€Å"Blowin in the Wind† to convey an anti-war message, that still had a peaceful tone. In â€Å"Where have all the Flowers Gone,† the girl in the song could be considered a metaphor for society in general repeating cycles of history, such as war, without learning from them. When Bob Dylan sang â€Å"Blowin in the Wind† he alluded to the answer to war being right in front of us but the inability to grasp it: Dylan says, â€Å"Yes, n how many deaths will it take till he knows/That too many people have died/The answer, my friend, is blowin in the wind,† (Lyrics.com). As more and more troops were being sent to Vietnam, and the casualties began to rise, people began to question the government’s involvement. â€Å"Even military troops came to mistrust their government’s reasons for keeping them there, as well as Washington’s claims that the war was being won†.(Vietnam War) The Vietnam war was the first war to be broadcast on television. This meant that for the first time the American people were able to see the war instead of just hearing about it on the radio. They were able to see firsthand the soldier’s faces, see the reality of where they were fighting and to see theShow MoreRelatedThe Song Bring Em Home 1743 Words   |  7 Pages The song â€Å"Bring ‘em Home† was a protest song about the Vietnam War. The song was written and performed by Pete Seeger. Pete Seeger was born in May 3, 1919. Since birth Pete Seeger had a musical orientated childhood. His parents were both involved with music in s ome way. His father majored in musicology and his mother was a concert violinist. Pete became interested with music in his teenage years. Seeger went on to the Harvard University but later dropped out. â€Å"Pete met, traveled and performed withRead MoreCivil War And The 1960s1631 Words   |  7 PagesA History of Protest Music – Revolutionary War to the 1960s Protest music in the United States dates back to the 19th century. This protest music focused around subjects that were topical for the time period. Among these topics were the Civil War. Another topic was slavery, and its abolition. A final topic was women’s suffrage. A famous group of protest singers was the Hutchinson Family Singers. Their notoriety, which spanned the mid-19th century, began in 1839. Their songs about abolition wereRead MoreHow Music Affected the Anti-Vietnam Movement1226 Words   |  5 PagesHumans throughout history have proven to be a very aggressive species. They disagree with one another, which might lead to conflict, and if the conflict is big enough, war. There have been many great battles and wars in the past, but one of the most controversial and protested war in human history was the Vietnam War. As World War II ended, the young males returned to their homes. They began families which brought a significant number of new children into the world. This dramatic increase in theRead MoreMarvin Gaye Whats Going On Analysis795 Words   |  4 Pageslisteners throughout the US. Written towards the end of the Vietnam War, What’s Going On would touch on subjects including war protests, unification of the American people, and the poor treatment of veterans. Gaye’s brother served in Vietnam, and much of this album shows the brother’s thoughts and feelings when he returns. Throughout his album, Marvin Gaye uses his own experiences to give us a look at why he and many others had a dissatisfaction with society and the government during the Vietnam War eraRead MoreSongs and Poems Written on Wars: Imagine by John Lennon 793 Words   |  3 Pageseffectively achieved through song. The Vietnam War also known as the American War was the longest major conflict that Australians have been involved in. It began in 1962 and ended in 1975. The Vietnam War was the cause of the greatest political and social dissent in Australia since World War 1. In 1959 war broke out between communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam. America and there allies, which include Australia, sent thousands of troops over to Vietnam in hope to stop the spreadRead MoreMusic And Cartoons Of The Vietnam War1710 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Harris AP US History June 8, 2015 Art as History: Music and Cartoons of the Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1955-1975) was the longest war the United States has ever fought in and also the most controversial. Many Americans protested against sending their children across seas to fight in a war that did not involve the United States. Millions asked for a return to isolationism such as the 1920s. Meanwhile many protests went viral as the National Guard interfered, killing four at Kent State UniversityRead MoreBob Dylan Vietnam878 Words   |  4 Pagesdemonstrations against the Vietnam War. Americans were divided between patriotism and the desire for peace. Some agreed with President Johnsons involvement in Vietnam for the common goal of eliminating communism, others became entranced in the peace movements that usually involved mass protests. For those who protested American involvement in the longest war they ever took part in, songs of the times were an inspiration, particularly songs of Bob Dylan, whose influential songs often protested what manyRead MoreSongs Written Du ring War Times811 Words   |  4 Pagesnever a good war, or a bad peace.† said Benjamin Franklin, showing the importance of peace and unnecessariness of war. The songs are the symbol of sadness, love, desire, sorrow, expectancy and other unnumbered emotions. And on the other hand the lyrics are the voice of the society. Therefore, the lyricists and the artists composed songs for different occasions, such as hunger, poverty, demand for freedom, and war. The war songs were also composed during the World War II, the Vietnam War and the ColdRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Protest in American History Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War is a perfect example of a group of protests that had many different outcomes. The Kent State shootings and the Democratic Convention of 1968 are examples of protests that went terribly wrong. Sit-ins and singing protest songs against violence are examples of peaceful protest. The Democratic Convention of 1968 took place in Chicago, Illinois. This convention is known as the people’s convention because it was put on during a time of confusion and turmoil over the Vietnam War andRead MoreMusic During the Vietnam War Essay889 Words   |  4 Pageswere at risk of being drafted into the Vietnam War. This war brought on revolutionary and innovative ways of thinking. The young people of this decade wanted change and this brought a huge difference in culture from the conservative fifties. Inspiration for many of the songs and lyrics of the time came from the Vietnam War. The war caused many people to protest and speak out about it. The main genres people used to show their attitudes about the current war were folk and rock. Hippies used music

Deception Point Page 35 Free Essays

The tourists laughed. Gabrielle followed past the stairway through a series of ropes and barricades into a more private section of the building. Here they entered a room Gabrielle had only seen in books and on television. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 35 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her breath grew short. My God, this is the Map Room! No tour ever came in here. The room’s paneled walls could swing outward to reveal layer upon layer of world maps. This was the place where Roosevelt had charted the course of World War II. Unsettlingly, it was also the room from which Clinton had admitted his affair with Monica Lewinsky. Gabrielle pushed that particular thought from her mind. Most important, the Map Room was a passageway into the West Wing-the area inside the White House where the true powerbrokers worked. This was the last place Gabrielle Ashe had expected to be going. She had imagined her e-mail was coming from some enterprising young intern or secretary working in one of the complex’s more mundane offices. Apparently not. I’m going into the West Wing†¦ The Secret Serviceman marched her to the very end of a carpeted hallway and stopped at an unmarked door. He knocked. Gabrielle’s heart was pounding. â€Å"It’s open,† someone called from inside. The man opened the door and motioned for Gabrielle to enter. Gabrielle stepped in. The shades were down, and the room was dim. She could see the faint outline of a person sitting at a desk in the darkness. â€Å"Ms. Ashe?† The voice came from behind a cloud of cigarette smoke. â€Å"Welcome.† As Gabrielle’s eyes accustomed to the dark, she began to make out an unsettlingly familiar face, and her muscles went taut with surprise. THIS is who has been sending me e-mail? â€Å"Thank you for coming,† Marjorie Tench said, her voice cold. â€Å"Ms†¦. Tench?† Gabrielle stammered, suddenly unable to breathe. â€Å"Call me Marjorie.† The hideous woman stood up, blowing smoke out of her nose like a dragon. â€Å"You and I are about to become best friends.† 41 Norah Mangor stood at the extraction shaft beside Tolland, Rachel, and Corky and stared into the pitch-black meteorite hole. â€Å"Mike,† she said, â€Å"you’re cute, but you’re insane. There’s no bioluminescence here.† Tolland now wished he’d thought to take some video; while Corky had gone to find Norah and Ming, the bioluminescence had begun fading rapidly. Within a couple of minutes, all the twinkling had simply stopped. Tolland threw another piece of ice into the water, but nothing happened. No green splash. â€Å"Where did they go?† Corky asked. Tolland had a fairly good idea. Bioluminescence-one of nature’s most ingenious defense mechanisms-was a natural response for plankton in distress. A plankton sensing it was about to be consumed by larger organisms would begin flashing in hopes of attracting much larger predators that would scare off the original attackers. In this case, the plankton, having entered the shaft through a crack, suddenly found themselves in a primarily freshwater environment and bioluminesced in panic as the freshwater slowly killed them. â€Å"I think they died.† â€Å"They were murdered,† Norah scoffed. â€Å"The Easter Bunny swam in and ate them.† Corky glared at her. â€Å"I saw the luminescence too, Norah.† â€Å"Was it before or after you took LSD?† â€Å"Why would we lie about this?† Corky demanded. â€Å"Men lie.† â€Å"Yeah, about sleeping with other women, but never about bioluminescent plankton.† Tolland sighed. â€Å"Norah, certainly you’re aware that plankton do live in the oceans beneath the ice.† â€Å"Mike,† she replied with a glare, â€Å"please don’t tell me my business. For the record, there are over two hundred species of diatoms that thrive under Arctic ice shelves. Fourteen species of autotrophic nannoflagellates, twenty heterotrophic flagellates, forty heterotrophic dinoflagellates, and several metazoans, including polychaetes, amphipods, copepods, euphausids, and fish. Any questions?† Tolland frowned. â€Å"Clearly you know more about Arctic fauna than I do, and you agree there’s plenty of life underneath us. So why are you so skeptical that we saw bioluminescent plankton?† â€Å"Because, Mike, this shaft is sealed. It’s a closed, freshwater environment. No ocean plankton could possibly get in here!† â€Å"I tasted salt in the water,† Tolland insisted. â€Å"Very faint, but present. Saltwater is getting in here somehow.† â€Å"Right,† Norah said skeptically. â€Å"You tasted salt. You licked the sleeve of an old sweaty parka, and now you’ve decided that the PODS density scans and fifteen separate core samples are inaccurate.† Tolland held out the wet sleeve of his parka as proof. â€Å"Mike, I’m not licking your damn jacket.† She looked into the hole. â€Å"Might I ask why droves of alleged plankton decided to swim into this alleged crack?† â€Å"Heat?† Tolland ventured. â€Å"A lot of sea creatures are attracted by heat. When we extracted the meteorite, we heated it. The plankton may have been drawn instinctively toward the temporarily warmer environment in the shaft.† Corky nodded. â€Å"Sounds logical.† â€Å"Logical?† Norah rolled her eyes. â€Å"You know, for a prize-winning physicist and a world-famous oceanographer, you’re a couple of pretty dense specimens. Has it occurred to you that even if there is a crack-which I can assure you there is not-it is physically impossible for any sea-water to be flowing into this shaft.† She stared at both of them with pathetic disdain. â€Å"But, Norah†¦,† Corky began. â€Å"Gentlemen! We’re standing above sea level here.† She stamped her foot on the ice. â€Å"Hello? This ice sheet rises a hundred feet above the sea. You might recall the big cliff at the end of this shelf? We’re higher than the ocean. If there were a fissure into this shaft, the water would be flowing out of this shaft, not into it. It’s called gravity.† Tolland and Corky looked at each other. â€Å"Shit,† Corky said. â€Å"I didn’t think of that.† Norah pointed into the water-filled shaft. â€Å"You may also have noticed that the water level isn’t changing?† Tolland felt like an idiot. Norah was absolutely right. If there had been a crack, the water would be flowing out, not in. Tolland stood in silence a long moment, wondering what to do next. â€Å"Okay.† Tolland sighed. â€Å"Apparently, the fissure theory makes no sense. But we saw bioluminescence in the water. The only conclusion is that this is not a closed environment after all. I realize much of your icedating data is built on the premise that the glacier is a solid block, but-â€Å" â€Å"Premise?† Norah was obviously getting agitated. â€Å"Remember, this was not just my data, Mike. NASA made the same findings. We all confirmed this glacier is solid. No cracks.† Tolland glanced across the dome toward the crowd gathered around the press conference area. â€Å"Whatever is going on, I think, in good faith, we need to inform the administrator and-â€Å" â€Å"This is bullshit!† Norah hissed. â€Å"I’m telling you this glacial matrix is pristine. I’m not about to have my core data questioned by a salt lick and some absurd hallucinations.† She stormed over to a nearby supply area and began collecting some tools. â€Å"I’ll take a proper water sample, and show you this water contains no saltwater plankton-living or dead!† Rachel and the others looked on as Norah used a sterile pipette on a string to harvest a water sample from the melt pool. Norah placed several drops in a tiny device that resembled a miniature telescope. Then she peered through the oculus, pointing the device toward the light emanating from the other side of the dome. Within seconds she was cursing. How to cite Deception Point Page 35, Essay examples

ReignComs Global Outsourcing

Introduction ReignCom prides itself as a well renowned electronics company. In addition, it is also an entertainment company. As a matter of fact, the company has its headquarters in South Korea. It should be known that is the parent company of Funcake entertainment and iriver. Iriver manufactures Mp3 players while Funcake provides entertainment services (GDN, 2011, p. 18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ReignCom’s Global Outsourcing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As far as our case is concerned, the company has various challenges that it is currently facing in the market place. In this case, there are market changes in Mp3 players. This therefore forces the company to come up with a new business strategy and supply chain to enhance its activities (Simchi-levi, 2007, p. 15). In a broad perspective, the new business strategy will have various effects on the company’s supply chain. Discussion Reign Com is currently faced by a tricky market situation that needs to be critically looked at for sustainability. The company is facing a saturated MP3 market and this is a worrying trend. To deal with this situation, the company has to come up with a new business strategy that will enhance its sales around the world (GDN, 2011, p. 14). This is because it has a presence in various markets with diverse and distinct needs. Other challenges have been brought about by an increase in competition. In this case, it should be known that the MP3 market has a lot of players. Therefore, for a company to be profitable and successful, it should have an effective supply chain to reach various markets at the right time (Hugos, 2006. p. 28). As far as the supply of MP3’s is concerned, there are various security issues that need to be sorted out. This is because the company needs to protect online shopping while giving customers a good experience that will leave them satisfied. It will be wise fo r the company to enhance its security measures to reach many customers and attract others for sustainability (GDN, 2011, p. 27). The company has also been faced with a challenge of reaching far markets. This can be blamed on its business systems that have hindered its supply chain as time goes by. Because the market is almost saturated, the company needs to review and enhance its business systems to support its supply chain and reach as many markets as possible. The company’s supply chain strategy is based on value addition and that is why it has been growing as time goes by (Hines, 2004. p. 34). As a matter of fact, it has been enhancing its supply chain relationships with different businesses to reach different markets.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The old strategy of value addition will continue to work in future because the market is saturated. To make it susta inable, the company needs to review this strategy to suit different markets because of competition. Although China has a wide market, it has a lot of products and this has created a lot of competition. In this case, the country is highly competitive. Therefore, the company needs to enhance research and development to come up with new products that will make it unique in the market (Hugos, 2006. p. 45). This will give it the customers that it needs for long term sustainability. Conclusion As far as supply chain management and business strategy is concerned, the company needs to enhance its business systems. This is because business systems and overseeing product development are related to a sales and marketing (Hugos, 2006. p. 11). As much as the company might have a good supply chain, it needs highly innovative products to compete well. This will likely increase its market share and dominance. Through this, the company will be highly successful and this will make it more competitive . The strength of such an initiative will be seen in competitive advantage (Hines, 2004. p. 4). The only weakness can be seen in the replication of the company’s adopted strategy. Wholesomely, ReignCom has a great future through good product development. Reference list GDN. (2011). Reigncom Ltd Officially Changes Name To iriver Ltd. Web. Hines, T. (2004). Supply chain strategies: Customer driven and customer focused. Oxford: Elsevier. Hugos, M. (2006). Essentials of Supply Chain Management. New York: John Wiley Sons.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ReignCom’s Global Outsourcing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Simchi-levi, E. (2007). Designing and Managing the Supply Chain. New York: McGraw Hill. This essay on ReignCom’s Global Outsourcing was written and submitted by user Angelica Pennington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Psychology; Drug Addiction Essays

Psychology; Drug Addiction Essays Psychology; Drug Addiction Essay Psychology; Drug Addiction Essay Psychology; Drug Addiction Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Drug Addiction Most people who use and abuse drugs do so for various different reasons. Regardless of the age at which they became engaged in the practice, drug users and abusers, live in difficult lives where they are enslaved to their master, the drugs. When starting to use drugs, most individuals have the mentality that they shall easily stop without seeking treatment and that they can control it. Most of the efforts by drug users and abusers to stop, result in failure. Drug use and abuse also leaves a user with changes in the functioning of their brain and this exists long after the individual has stopped using drugs. Most drug users and abusers claim that drugs have advantages and help them in relieving themselves of their stress (Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, 2008). There are several reasons that drug users give for their use and abuse of drugs. The first and major reason why drug abuse is on the increase is because drugs make the users feel good. If drugs made people very sick when they used them, they would probably not become addicts. Drugs make people feel very good. Drugs like cocaine, crystal meth and marijuana make a person feel very good and give them a state of tranquil. This is what mostly causes addiction as the people like to get the same feeling repeatedly. The drugs that most people use and abuse tare legal. This is another reason why people use and abuse drugs. Drugs like alcohol and nicotine are legal yet they have the highest percentage of addiction in the world (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). Most drugs that have the highest hold on people are prescription drugs. Very many different medications exist in the world each of which is prescribed for a different reason. The reaction that these medications give to the brain of the individual makes the people addicts to the drugs. Pain medications, muscle relaxants, steroids and anti-anxiety medications are examples of drugs that are prescribed and that give the individual brain reactions that are pleasant to them. Problems are common in the life of a person. However, some people result to other ways of relieving the stress that is brought by problems instead of seeking advice from medical practitioners. They result to medicate themselves with street drugs like marijuana and alcohol. This later leads to addiction as once one uses drugs they like to get the same pleasant feeling repeatedly. Boredom is another cause of drug use and addiction. There are many instances of experimenting especially among the youth. This is brought about mostly by idleness, boredom, and the feelings of emptiness in ones life. The search for a purpose in life mostly leads them to drugs and alcohol. In mostly the young generation, the experimenting that is done with drugs mostly takes place due to the pressure they get from their friends that use drugs. This is known as peer pressure, and mostly begins in casual functions like parties and gatherings. Mostly, it continue from there and leads mostly to addiction (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). Curiosity is mostly underestimated among the causes of drug use and addiction. However, it is quite a strong cause of drug addiction. This is so because curiosity has no age limit and both the young and the old get curious. The curiosity as to the effects of the drugs mostly causes many people to become frequent users and abusers. The availability of the drugs in pharmaceuticals and streets is unbelievable. Most drugs are illegal however, they are readily available on the streets and they provide booming business to drug peddlers and drug lords. The people that enjoy this availability are the users and abusers. The purchases of the drugs are made from unprofessional doctors, on-line pharmacies and through the streets and black markets (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). The need to enhance the effects of drugs is another reason why people use drugs. For instance if a person uses alcohol and after some time they fail to feel its effects, they shall want to upgrade this feeling by using another stronger substance. This makes them be hooked to the other stronger substance as it gives them the desired effect. There are other reasons why use drugs like those that claim there are advantages to using them. For instance, scientists have theorized that there are advantages in the moderate consumption of alcohol. However, most drug users and abusers do not note the key word of the statement as moderate. They mistake the statement and use it as a justification for their use ad abuse of alcohol. Alcohol, if taken moderately is said to reduce the risk of getting heart disease. The moderate consumption of alcohol reduces the clogging of the arteries towards the heart and the brain and the blockage of other blood vessels. This is because alcohol is said to react t o cholesterol (Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, 2009). Most people who are just starting to use drugs are very wrong when they think that they shall be able to stop without seeking any help. However, some are able to do so, most drug users and abusers are not able to stop the vice on their own. People should understand the adverse effects of long-term drug use on the brain. It should be noted that the effects of long-term drug use linger in the brain of the user long after they have stopped using. These effects include the compulsion to continue using drugs. Addiction should be understood as to have a significant biological effect on the user and this shall explain the failure by most people to abstain from the use (Abadinsky, 2010). Stress from family life, work, social influences like meeting one’s previous drug using partners and environmental issues can all cause the failure to achieve drug abstinence along with other biological factors. Active participation in treatment even for the most severely addicted people is the only way a person can achieve positive results after quitting the use and abuse of drugs. Parents should take care of their children, talk to them about the effects of the use of drugs, and discourage them from engaging themselves in the practice. The negative media publicity of drugs as being good should be curbed as many of the young people engage in drug use and abuse for the pleasure that is almost guaranteed by the media. Doctors and pharmacists should be audited and vetted carefully to avoid the spread of prescription drugs to the people. The police and crime fighting agencies should also take action against the people who sell drugs to try to reduce, and possibly stop the vice (H eymann, 2001). Reference: Abadinsky, Howard. (2010). Drug Use and Abuse: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Hanson, G., Venturelli, P. J. Fleckenstein, A. E. (2008). Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Hanson, G. R., Venturelli, P. J. Fleckenstein, A. E. (2009). Student Study Guide to Accompany Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Heymann, P. B. (2001). Drug addiction and drug policy: the struggle to control dependence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Maisto, S. A., Galizio, M. Connors, G. J. (2007). Drug use and Abuse. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Prashant, Saroj. (2003). Drug abuse and society. New Delhi, Delhi: APH Publishing. Stimmel, B. (2002). Alcoholism, drug addiction, and the road to recovery: life on the edge. New York, NY: Routledge.

Doris Lessing - Novelist, Memoirist, Essayist

Doris Lessing - Novelist, Memoirist, Essayist Doris Lessing Facts: Known for: Doris Lessing has written many novels, short stories, and essays, most about contemporary life, often pointing to social injustices. Her 1962 The Golden Notebook became an iconic novel for the feminist movement for its consciousness-raising theme. Her travels to many places in the British sphere of influence have influenced her writings.Occupation: writer short stories, novels, essays, science fictionDates: October 22, 1919 -  November 17, 2013Also known as: Doris May Lessing, Jane Somers, Doris Taylor Doris Lessing Biography: Doris Lessing was born in Persia (now Iran), when her father worked for a bank. In 1924, the family moved to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where she grew up, as her father tried to make a living as a farmer. Though she was encouraged to go to college, Doris Lessing dropped out of school at age 14, and took clerical and other jobs in Salisbury, South Rhodesia, until her marriage in 1939 to a civil servant. When she divorced in 1943, her children stayed with their father. Her second husband was a Communist, whom Doris Lessing met when she also became a Communist, joining what she saw as a more pure form of Communism than she saw in the Communist parties in other parts of the world. (Lessing rejected Communism after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956.) She and her second husband divorced in 1949, and he emigrated to East Germany. Later, he was the East German ambassador to Uganda and was killed when Ugandans revolted against Idi Amin. During her years of activism and married life, Doris Lessing began writing. In 1949, after two failed marriages, Lessing moved to London; her brother, first husband, and two children from her first marriage remained in Africa. In 1950, Lessings first novel was published: The Grass Is Singing, which dealt with issues of apartheid and interracial relationships in a colonial society. She continued her semi-autobiographical writings in three Children of Violence novels, with Martha Quest as the main character, published in 1952-1958. Lessing visited her African homeland again in 1956, but was then declared a prohibited immigrant for political reasons and banned from coming back again. After the country became Zimbabwe in 1980, independent of British and white rule, Doris Lessing returned, first in 1982. She wrote of her visits in African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe, published in 1992. Having rejected communism in 1956, Lessing became active in the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In the 1960s, she became skeptical of progressive movements and more interested in Sufism and nonlinear thinking. In 1962, Doris Lessings most widely-read novel, The Golden Notebook, was published. This novel, in four sections, explored aspects of the relationship of an independent woman to herself and to men and women, in a time of re-examining sexual and political norms. While the book inspired and fit in with increasing interest in consciousness-raising, Lessing has been somewhat impatient with its identification with feminism. Beginning in 1979, Doris Lessing published a series of science fiction novels, and in the 80s published several books under the pen name Jane Somers. Politically, in the 1980s she supported the anti-Soviet mujahideen in Afghanistan. She also became interested in issues ecological survival and returned to African themes. Her 1986 The Good Terrorist is a comedic story about a cadre of left-wing militants in London. Her 1988 The Fifth Child deals with change and family life in the 1960s through 1980s. Lessings later work continues to deal with peoples lives in ways that highlight challenging social issues, though shes denied that her writing is political. In 2007, Doris Lessing was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Background, Family: Father: Alfred Cook Taylor, farmerMother: Meily Maude McVeagh Marriage, Children: husbands:Frank Charles Wisdom (married 1939, dissolved 1943)Gottfried Anton Nicholas Lessing (married 1945, dissolved 1949)children:first marriage: John, Jeansecond marriage: Peteradopted informally: Jenny Diski (novelist) Selected Doris Lessing Quotations   The Golden Notebook  for some reason surprised people but it was no more than you would hear women say in their kitchens every day in any country. That is what learning is. You suddenly understand something youve understood all your life, but in a new way. Some people obtain fame, others deserve it. Think wrongly, if you please, but in all cases think for yourself. Any human anywhere will blossom in a hundred unexpected talents and capacities simply by being given the opportunity to do so. There is only one real sin and that is to persuade oneself that the second-best is anything but second best. Whats really terrible is to pretend that the second-rate is the first-rate. To pretend that you dont need love when you do, or you like your work when you know quite well youre capable of better. You only learn to be a better writer by actually writing. I dont know much about creative writing programs. But theyre not telling the truth if they dont teach, one, that writing is hard work, and, two, that you have to give up a great deal of life, your personal life, to be a writer. The current publishing scene is extremely good for the big, popular books. They sell them brilliantly, market them and all that. It is not good for the little books. Trust no friend without faults, and love a woman, but no angel. Laughter is by definition healthy. This world is run by people who know how to do things. They know how things work. They are equipped. Up there, theres a layer of people who run everything. But we were just peasants. We dont understand whats going on, and we cant do anything. It is the mark of great people to treat trifles as trifles and important matters as important It is terrible to destroy a persons picture of himself in the interests of truth or some other abstraction. What is a hero without love for mankind? In  university  they dont tell you that the greater part of the law is learning to tolerate fools. With a library you are free, not confined by temporary political climates. It is the most democratic of institutions because no one - but no one at all - can tell you what to read and when and how. Nonsense, it was all nonsense: this whole damned outfit, with its committees, its conferences, its eternal talk, talk, talk, was a great con trick; it was a mechanism to earn a few hundred men and women incredible sums of money. All political movements are like this we are in the right, everyone else is in the wrong. The people on our own side who disagree with us are heretics, and they start becoming enemies. With it comes an absolute conviction of your own moral superiority. Theres  oversimplification  in  everything,  and a terror of flexibility. Political correctness is the natural continuum from the party line. What we are seeing once again is a self-appointed group of vigilantes imposing their views on others. It is a heritage of communism, but they dont seem to see this. It was OK, us being Reds during the  war,  because we were all on the same side. But then the Cold War started. Why were the Europeans bothered about the Soviet Union at all? It was nothing to do with us. China had nothing to do with us. Why were we not building, without reference to the Soviet Union, a good society in our own countries? But no, we were all in one way or another obsessed with the bloody Soviet Union, which was a disaster. What people were supporting was failure. And continually justifying it. All sanity depends on this: that it should be a delight to feel heat strike the skin, a delight to stand upright, knowing the bones are moving easily under the flesh. I have found it to be true that the older Ive become the better my life has become. The great secret that all old people share is that you really havent changed in seventy or eighty years. Your body changes, but you dont change at all. And that, of course, causes great confusion. And then, not expecting it, you become middle-aged and anonymous. No one notices you. You achieve a wonderful freedom. For the last third of life there remains only work. It alone is always stimulating, rejuvenating, exciting and satisfying. Bed is the best place for reading, thinking, or doing nothing. Borrowing is not much better than begging; just as lending with interest is not much better than stealing. I was brought up on the farm in the bush, which was the best thing that happened, it was just a wonderful childhood. None of you [men] ask for anything except everything, but just for so long as you need it. A woman without a man cannot meet a man, any man, without thinking, even if its for a half second, perhaps this is  the  man.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Law - Essay Example Lastly, the paper will also make suggestion for the further changes to be made in the statute in the light of the changing needs and requirements of the social establishments during the contemporary times. Hence, the paper will provide an in-depth examination of assault in accordance with the statutes of law. It is a reality beyond suspicion that the states and political authorities have always been interested in devising schemes and implementing them in order to maintain law and order as well as to ensure the safety and protection of all members of society. For this purpose, statutes of laws are articulated and enforced for discouraging criminal acts and punishing the offenders, so that crime rate could be controlled in society. The devising of statutes and making amendments in them, for combating the assaults, has always been an essential part of the same campaign launched by the New York legislature and administration. The term assault simply refers to the violent attack on some individual, group or community out of mens rea or criminal intention with the aim of inflicting physical hurt or harm subsequently. Battery and maiming are taken to be the crimes almost identical to assault, which observe proximity with assault in nature and scope, as all the three maintain similar intention and consequences, though effects of the three could witness slight differences (Bryn, 1966:614-5). Battery actually is the occurrence of physical contact between the offender and offended, while maiming could be regarded to be the combination of both assault and battery. Hence, the court of law announces punishment in accordance with the damages appeared in the wake of committing of the offence (615-6). While discussing the elements attributed to assault, there must be mens rea behind committing of this crime, and the act has actually been performed, either it has caused severe harm

Migration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Migration - Assignment Example In other instances, migration is as a result of marriage. Married couples often migrate to convenient locations where they can live happily together and state a family. The emerging migration trends indicate that migration can be influenced by gender as well as sexuality. Gender has a strong relation to social, economic and political factors that might influence the movement of people from one place to another. Gender and its related subjects are some of the most discussed issues globally. Many news magazines, articles and newspapers feather gender as an emerging issue which has influenced the lives of people in so many ways (Pojmann.2006. pg. 17). Migration is one of the phenomena attributed to gender. Researchers as well as the media have been working to discover the reasons that link gender to the migration of people. This document is a review of an article on gender and migration by the International Organization for Migration. Gender in this case is described as the differences between the women and men. The differences between the male and the female gender places a great role in the social, cultural and economic status of a particular geographical location. This influences the settlement and migration of people. In 1980s, migration highly focused on economy. Male migrants played major roles in the economy while female migrants were viewed as passive followers. However this has chang ed with the change of time and women are currently playing an equal role as that of men when it comes to economic issues. The battle for supremacy is the factor that brings inequality to both genders. Men are the dominant species in the business market, thus women have found it difficult to contribute to an equal share of the economy as they are suppressed by the fact that men have taken all control of the job market. This factor has made women to migrate form one geographical

Employee Motivation: Literature Analysis

Employee Motivation: Literature Analysis Chapter Two- Literature Review 2.1 Introduction At one time, employees were considered just another input into the production of goods and services. What perhaps changed this way of thinking about employees was the research, referred to as the Hawthorne studies, conducted by Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1932 (Dickson, 1973).This study found out that employees are not motivated solely by money but also their behaviour is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973).The Hawthorne studies begun the human relations approach to management, whereby the needs and motivation of employees become the primary focus of managers (Bedein, 1993). Understanding employee motivation and its relationship with corporate culture and gender is the focus of this research. This chapter is divided into seven sections; section 2.1 introduces the main subjects of this dissertation and is followed by section 2.2 which discusses employee motivation in small medium companies. The next section which is section 2.3 looks at motivation and the various theories developed by researchers, then section 2.4 considers the role of the manager when it comes to employee motivation. The last two sections; section 2.5 examines corporate culture with section 2.6 on gender and how it is perceived. Finally a summary of the whole chapter is presented in section 2.7. This section will review the most relevant studies on employee motivation and in small medium companies. 2.2 Employee Motivation in Small Medium Companies Organizational scientists and practitioners have long been interested in employee motivation and commitment. This interest derives from the belief and evidence that there are benefits to having a motivated and committed workforce. The Hawthorne Studies A major revision of ‘needs theory came from the work undertaken in the United State of America in the 1920s and 1930s of the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company. This gave rise to a new school of management thinking, which suggested that employees have social needs which are as important as economic needs; these studies concluded that social relationships were significant in the satisfaction of the human need for social contact. The major contribution of this work in understanding employee motivation at work has been to focus attention on the design of jobs and tasks in an effort to make them attractive (Mullins, 2007). Employee motivation could be seen as the internal strength that drives employee performance. This strength enables employees to carry out their duties as expected of them having a particular aim in mind. And in most cases, where this strength is lacking, employees sometimes perform poorly. However, certain factors like job features, individual variation and organisational practices may influence employee motivation to work. It depends on good system that reward effectively, because it is critical as a motivated employee will achieve a great deal (Clark, 2009). According to McConnell (2002) companies have to consider the following steps in order to keep their employees in the organisation: ïÆ'Ëœ The employees perception of the work environment directly relates to the job performance. ïÆ'Ëœ What employees think of their jobs and their employer when the environment is positive ïÆ'Ëœ Improvement of the environment generally improves employee performance. McMackin (2006) states that large corporations have more money, name recognition and benefits to attract the best employees in comparison with small medium companies. Regardless of the positive aspects of larger corporations, many employees leave in order to work for small businesses, since they are able to have faster career advancement. According to Gaebler Ventures (2006) research show ten different motivational factors that are important for increasing motivation both for managers as well as employees; they include promotion potential, interesting work, personal loyalty, tactful discipline, appreciation for work done, good working conditions, help with personal problems, high wages, feeling of being in on things and job security. Gerson (2003) on the other hand states that employees in small organisations may leave for better salaries and benefits. The decision to leave can be affected by feelings of unappreciation, work condition, cultural conflicts, lack of convenience, lack of advancement and lack of support. According to Moses (2005) the basis for employee motivation is divided into two categories; anticipation of reward for work well done, and fear of discipline for mistakes or works done poorly. Motivation techniques at most companies falls into one of these two categories. The ideal for a small-business owner is to motivate employees in a positive way, since employees develop loyalty and personal commitment when they are encouraged to perform well in order to advance and receive recognition and financial benefits. The most negative aspect of this method is the fact that the less hard working employees will be fired or downgraded. The method also lacks teamwork, includes employee backbiting and has no long-term motivation. Wiley (1997) states that the relationship between people and work have fascinated scientists for many years, both psychologists and behavioural scientist, but in both field concepts such as need, motive, goal, incentive and attitude occur more frequently rather than concepts of aptitude, ability and skill. Scientist investigates how personal, task and environmental characteristics influence behaviour and job performance concerning motivation. Motivation does not remain the same over the years, it changes due to personal, social and other factors and it also affects the behaviour of a person rather than end performance. In order to create an environment that fosters employee motivation it is important to explore the attitudes that employees have towards factors that motivate them. When a company know what motivates its employees they are better prepared to stimulate them to perform well. In order to know what motivates employees, organisations must have regular communication and ask employees what sparks and sustains their desire to work (Herzberg, 2003). Most managers assume that their employees have the same motivational drivers as them, but managers must abandon this assumption and focus on the recognition of individual drivers. Findings from a forty year survey demonstrate that employees are motivated by receiving feedback and recognition and those individuals at different levels of the organisation might have different motivational values (Wiley, 1997). Managers have to understand what motivate their employees in order to receive high performance at the organisation. 2.3 Motivation Motivation is the formation of incentives, and working atmosphere which allow individuals to carry out their duties to the top of their capability in pursuit of organisational success. It is commonly viewed as the magic drives that allow managers to get employees to realize their targets. Since the dawn of the twentieth century, there has been a shift at least in theory. Since the early 1900s several theories have been advanced which have offered insight into the concept of motivation (Strickler, 2006). The hierarch of needs espoused by Abraham Maslow sheds lights on individual behaviour pattern. Other significant studies have been carried out by Frederick Herzberg, who considered job fulfilment, Douglas McGregors X and Y theory, which suggest management styles that motivate and de-motivate employees etc. Underpinning Herzbergs theory was his attempt to bring more humanity and caring into the workplace. His theory was to explain how to manage people properly, and to motivate them for the good of all people at work. Many contemporary authors have come up with several definitions for the concept of motivation. Motivation has been defined as the emotional progression that gives behaviour reason and course (Kreitner, 1995), the inner drives to fulfil unsatisfied need (Higgins, 1994), and the determination to realize (Bedeian, 1993). In dissertation, motivation is defined as the central energy that derive individual to accomplish personal and organisational goals (Mullins, 2007). Motivation can have an impact on the productivity of any company or organisation. Organisations and companies relies heavily on the efficiency of it production personnel to ensure that goods are produced in numbers that meet up customers order. If these workforce not have the motivation to create and perform to the best of their ability and meet the demand of customers, then an organisation may face a problem which may lead to serious consequences. 2.3.1 Internal and External Motivation Motivation according to Kehr (2004) can be either internal or external, it can be viewed as push or pull determinants. Implicit motives are factors intrinsic to the activity and explicit motives arise from factors extrinsic to the activity. Intrinsic motivation is the key motivation component of employee empowerment and individuals are responsible for achieving their own career success. It is based on positively valued experiences that a person receives directly from their work tasks such as meaningfulness, competence, choice and progress. Bymes (2006) explain that external motivators depend on outside factors to push the individual to complete a task. Kehr (2004) adds that explicit motives are influenced by social demands and normative pressures. Extrinsic rewards are based on reward and punishments controlled by the organisation. Like Bymes (2006) individuals with external motivators are motivated by salary or wage packets. Internal on the other hand is associated with employees who want to be employed in a particular position by a firm whose organisational values and work requirements are closely linked with the individuals personal values and skills. Implicit and explicit motives relate to different aspects of the person, but both are important determinants of behaviour. According to Basset-Jones Lloyd (2005) motivators associated with intrinsic drivers outweigh motives linked to financial and inducement and observing others benefiting from recognition and extrinsic rewards. Like Locke Latham (2004) internal factors that drive motivation and external factors that act as inducements to action is the concept of motivation. Motivation can affect three aspects of work; direction, intensity and duration. Peoples skill, abilities and how and to what extent they utilise them are affected by motivation. According to Katz (2005) intrinsic factors are the main reason for a persons true commitment and motivation. Extrinsic factors like salary and working conditions are also important, but do not give the commitment and excitement that the employee needs. How a person views the assignment and how tasks, information, rewards and decision-making processes are organised are strongly linked to the personal activities. People become more motivated when they identify themselves within a group and contribute to performance as a group (Van Knippenberg, 2000).This relies on the work performed by Locke and the goal setting theory he developed. This goal is team performance and the individual feeling part of the group. The focus of Locke was on the goal but in order to reach the goal one must associate oneself with the group and task. Glen (2006) contend that the most important factor to rely on is feedback since it can help an employee improve his or her performance ; communication is also vital in the world today and can be beneficial to both the manager and employee . 2.3.2 Motivation Theories The traditional form of motivation stated that people could be driven by fear and therefore managers had to be tough. This approach made the employees do the bare minimum and only work while their manager was watching. Research on motivation and it impact on individuals and employees has been undertaken from the mid-twentieth century. Prominent among such researchers include; Maslow1954, Herzberg 1959, Adams 1962, Vroom 1964, Alderfer 1972, Locke 1981 and others. There is intense competition as a result of technological advancement, demographic changes, globalisation, which puts more pressure on organisations to deliver products and services with continuous improvement. The theories on motivation identify individual needs, their expectation and reaction to both internal as well as to the external environment. The various motivation theories are discussed below. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs A ground-breaking theory on the subject of motivation and needs of the human being was advanced by Abraham Maslow in 1954.He stated that there are some fundamental needs for the human being that can be arranged in a hierarchic way. He argued that individuals and for the purpose of this study, employees are motivated to satisfy a number of diverse needs. According to Maslow until the most vital needs are fulfilled, other needs have little effect on the employees behaviour. Once a need is satisfied, and therefore less essential, other needs emerge and become motivators of their behaviour (Porter et al, 2003). At the base of the hierarchy is the physiological needs; food, clothes etc.These are considered primary needs as employees concentrate on satisfying these needs before the others. Physiological needs according to Maslow are undeniably the most pressing of all needs. Once this need is fulfilled, the next level surfaces with the employee becoming anxious with the need for safety and security both at home and at the workplace. Likewise, once the safety need too is satisfied, the employee strives for a sense of membership or an affiliation and a feeling of approval by others. Once the employee finds his/her place in a group or team, the need and longing to be held in esteem, recognised and respect crops up. Maslow asserts that with all these needs satisfied, employees are then motivated by the desire to ‘self-actualise and accomplish whatever they identify as their utmost potential. (Ramlall, 2004) Herzbergs Two-Factor theory According to Herzberg an individuals relation and attitude towards work can determine success or failure. While Maslow looked at individual needs, Herzberg tried to find out how employees felt about their work and what really motivates them. In 1959 he created his two-factor theory by looking at the causes of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in an effort to fully know what motivate people. He divided the needs into two categories; hygiene factors which relate to the needs that involve the framework of the task they performed and if these needs are not fulfilled there will be dissatisfaction on the part of employees. In essence if you want to motivate employees, concern should be given to the work itself (Ramlall, 2004). Herzbergs hygiene factors can be linked to Maslows hierarchy of needs and primarily the vital needs at the base of the hierarchy. The hygiene needs accommodate the need that arises from the physiological, safety and social or belongingness needs that do not make the employees satisfied in their job, but simply avoid dissatisfaction if fulfilled. In contrast motivator factors are those that allow for psychological growth and progress on the job. They are very much connected to the idea of self-actualisation regarding a challenge, to savour the satisfaction of achievement, and to be acknowledged as having done something meaningful (Basset- Jones and Lloyd, 2005). Herzberg further stated that certain characteristics are related to job satisfaction and others to job dissatisfaction. Intrinsic factors, such as achievement, advancement, recognition, responsibility are related to job satisfaction. Job dissatisfaction is a result of extrinsic factors; company policies, supervision, working condition etc. He assert that a job do not get satisfying by removing dissatisfying factors and therefore dissatisfaction is not the reverse of fulfilment. In order to understand the employees motivation to work the attitudes of the particular employee has to be known (Herzberg, 2003). To Bassett-Jones Lloyd (2005) Herzberg was interested in the extremes where workers either felt good about work or bad, and this led to the development of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The extrinsic factors are called hygiene or maintenance factors and are linked to job dissatisfaction. Intrinsic factors on the other hand lead to job satisfaction. The factors were labelled motivators to growth because they were associated with high level of job satisfaction. The two factors are of equal importance when explaining what motivates an employee. They explain Herzbergs suggestion of motivation as similar to ‘internal self-charging battery. For employees to become motivated the energy has to come from within. Herzberg however argues that motivation is founded on development needs; and originate from satisfaction born out of a sense of achievement, recognition for achievement, responsibility and personal growth. A review of Maslows and Herzbergs theory lead to further research and theories the first of which was developed in 1962 by Stacy Adams. Equity Theory This theory developed by Stacey Adams in 1962 suggests that since there is no absolute standard for fairness, and employees want to be treated fairly, they are likely to assess fairness by making comparison with others in similar situations. If they find out that they are not treated similarly they may lower their output, their quality of work or even leave the organisation for another where they are likely to be treated better. In essence it is not the real reward that motivate, but the perception of the reward in comparisons with others (Boxall and Purcell, 2007. While a simple theory, this theory according to Latham cannot cover every incident as some employees are far more receptive to perceptions of unfairness than others. It is therefore very important for managers to be conscious of what their employees perceive to be fair and just and also know that this will differ from one employee to the other (Latham, 2007). Vrooms Expectancy Theory Whereas Maslow and Herzberg looked at the connection between needs and the ensuing effort expanded to fulfil them, Vroom concentrated on effort, performance and outcomes. The fundamental concepts key to expectancy theory is that the anticipation of what will happen influences the employees choice of behaviour that is, expectations and valence. Vroom interpreted motivation as a process in which employees choose from a set of alternatives based upon the likely levels of expectation, and called the individuals perception of this instrumentality. Valence in his theory is the assessment of actual outcome of ones performance and together with instrumentality is very central in the expectancy theory (Ramlall, 2004; Mullins 2007). From this theorys viewpoint, an employee assigns a worth to an expectation, considers how much effort will be required, and works out the likelihood of success. If the perceived reward is sufficient for the effort required, the employee may make the effort. Expectancy in this theory is the prospect that they can carry out their duty in a way that leads to an optimistic result. For the employee the amount of effort he/she is eager to put in any performance of task is influenced by the expectation of the outcome of the effort (Mullins, 2007). If the employee works hard then he/she can expect a good work result hence a higher reward. High instrumentality for the employee comes from the notion that if he/she shows off good work result there will be adequate reward. Low instrumentality would then be that the employee feels that the result of the reward will not be independent on the particular work result. Writing in People Management Magazine, Lees (2008) believes that Vrooms theory give an insight into the research of employee motivation by shedding more lights on how individual goals sway individual performance. Vrooms expectancy theory has been criticised for attempting to envisage a choice or effort. However because no obvious pattern of the meaning of effort exist, the variable cannot be measured effectively. According to Latham (2007), the employee is assumed to deliberately weigh up the satisfaction or pain that he/she expects to attain or avoid and then a selection is made. The theory says nothing about intuitive motivation, something that Locke considered when he expanded Vrooms theory. Alderfers ERG Theory Unlike Maslows theory that refers to an individual who acts increasingly for his/her need satisfaction first, with the simplest one up to the most complex ones, Clayton Alderfers theory (1972) which extended Maslows theory asserts that this course of action is not essentially progressive. According to him, there are three significant categories of human needs: Existence (E) needs which ensures the sustainability and human endurance; food, Salary, shelter etc Relational needs (R) that is socialising need that refers to the relationship between an individual and the social setting and is satisfied by interpersonal relations. Fulfilling these needs depends on the association with others. Growth (G) needs which consists of a persons self respect through personal feature as well as the concept of self-actualisation present in Maslows hierarchy of needs.Alderfer believed that as you begin satisfying superior needs, they become powerful like the power you get, the more you want (Mullins 2007) . Although not fully tested, Ramlall (2004) and Strickler (2006) contend that the ERG theory seems to describe the dynamics of individual needs in an organisation rationally well and can help managers when it comes to motivating employees. To them it provides a less rigid account of employees needs than Maslows hierarchy. By and large, it comes closest to explaining why employees have certain needs at diverse times. Goal Setting Theory Edwin Locke extended Vrooms theory by developing his goal setting theory which takes into consideration the conscious motives that exist when organisations set goals to be met. According to Robbins (2003) Lockes goal setting theory states that specific and difficult goals lead to higher performance with the help of feedback. In addition to feedback, goal commitment, and adequate self -efficacy, task characteristics and national culture have been found to influence the goal performance relationship. Motivation comes from the goal an individual set up based on human needs, personal values, personality traits etc which are shaped through socialization and experience. The behaviour used to accomplish the goal depends on whether the goal is difficult or specific. The amount of effort an individual puts in reflects the level of satisfaction experienced which can lead to other actions (Porter et al, 2003). In order to reach the goals some conditions has to be present; such as feedback, goal commitment, ability etc. According to him, a goal is required in order to create motivation within the employees to perform better than before. He indicates that financial rewards can improve the sustainability of a persons dedication as well as behaviour. .Goal setting and management by objectives programs have grown in the past two decades and motivation has been organised in three categories; personality based view, cognitive decision and self regulation perspectives. The basic idea of Lockes goal setting theory is that employees goals are related to their motivation since their goals direct their thoughts and action. The cognitive decision predicts an individuals choices or decisions and finally the personality-based perspective emphasize personal characteristics as they affect goal choice and striving (Locke and Latham, 2004). The personality-based category does not predict motivation, but it can provide understanding of what motivates individuals. The above theories are part of the broad field of human motivation study and they all have implications for individuals different workplace behaviour. They can also be applied to a variety of management practices aimed at motivating employees. However these researches were carried out in Western Europe and in America decades ago. Can the findings of this research be applied in Ghana which is in a different setting? Will similar research in Ghana yield the same result? T o better understand employee motivation, it is important to know the role of managers who are facilitators of employee motivation. 2.4 Motivating Employees: The Role of the Manager Leadership literature states that motivation is influenced by the nature of the relationship between the leader and employees. Managers according Bymes (2006) needs to hire the right person that is most suitable for a certain job, value its employees and support them in making contributions to the organisations and always try to create a motivated workforce. Motivated employees do not only create a good working environment, they also make noteworthy contributions to the organisations. Good managers make their employees fell like business partners and use empowerment in order to make the workplace and the surrounding environment into a place where employees feel good as well as creating a work wherefrom employees feel good inside (Bassett-Jones Lloyd,2005). Motivation therefore is about cultivating your human capital. The human challenges lies not in the work itself, but in you, the person who creates and manage the work environment. As indicated by Garg Rastogi (2006) in todays competitive environment feedback is essential for organizations to give and receive from employees and the more knowledge the employee learn, the more he or she will be motivated to perform and meet the global challenges of the market place. By involving the employee at work and providing challenging tasks it might increase the intrinsic motivation which transforms potential into creative ideas and this will factor fair and constructive judgement of ideas and sharing of informations.Leaders have an important part in the organisation because they act as the force that motivates the performance of the employees (Katz,2005). Leaders are there to motivate people to follow the designed work and by doing so enhance performance. Even though employees look to diverse organisational elements to suit different drivers of needs, they look forward to their managers to do their best to attend to their needs and concerns. Organisations has to recognize the resources, both human and technological that are available within the organisation and conduct training programs that will contribute to the productivity and the levels of motivation at individual or group levels. Motivating employees begins that to do their best, employees must be in an atmosphere where their emotional drive to bond and be understood are met. The drive to bond is best achieved by a custom that encourages teamwork and frankness (Nohira et al, 2008). Motivating employees is vital if employers are to achieve maximum performance and productivity. Contemporary theories on motivation centres more specifically on the relation of beliefs, values, goals with action. Motivation in contrast functions as an engine for inner human growth by providing attractive and demanding task. Motivation theories developed in the western world with their orientation on self-satisfaction and instrumentalism have mainly emphasized on rewarding those individuals who succeed. These theories did not take into consideration the terrain in Africa and also individuals who are highly motivated but incapable of accomplishing. This has produced in some part of Africa and also in Ghana situations where managers are not able to answer the needs of every employee. Studies indicate that employees in the western world draw their motivation from self satisfaction but the same cannot be said of their counterparts in Africa and most especially in Ghana. What do they derive their motivation from? Does the companys corporate culture have any bearing on how they are motivated? Is there a relationship between the companys corporate culture and motivation? The next section will look at motivation and corporate culture. 2.5 Motivation and Corporate culture Corporate culture draws its roots from various sources. This include national and regional cultures, (Hofstede, 1991) the vision and management style (Schein, 1985) and the nature of the business and the environment it operates in and the organisational field where it operates (Gordon, 1991). For this study the relevant cultural roots comes from Ghana. Individuals, especially qualified ones, have more choices with regards to potential jobs offers. How companies motivate place a vital role in attracting employee and competing well todays competitive market. To create a culture that fosters individual motivation is not easy because it takes time to figure out the factors that motivate each employee. It is even more important nowadays as more individuals draw their interest from other things beside money. To understand the importance of corporate culture in this dissertation it is important to first define what culture is. Schein (2004) defines culture as ‘consisting of rules, procedures and processes that govern how things are done, as well as the philosophy that guides the attitudes of senior management towards staff and customers. Referring in his work to the people of a nation Hofstede also defines culture as ‘the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one group or category of people from another. Thus it endorses the issue that corporate culture is a unique aspect of an organisation, even though it is difficult to manage. According to Schein an organisations culture develops to help cope with its environment. He characterizes culture as consisting of three levels: ïÆ'Ëœ Artefacts which are the most observable level of culture yet are hard to understand. ïÆ'Ëœ Espoused Values; which underlie and to a large extent determine behaviour, but they are not directly observable as behaviours. There may be a variation involving known and functioning values. ïÆ'Ëœ Basic assumptions and Values: the essence of culture is characterized by the fundamental assumptions and ideals, which are not easy to differentiate since they are present at mainly unconscious point. Nevertheless they offer the input to appreciate why things turn out the way they do. 2.5.1 National culture National culture milieu influences the outlook of an organisations stakeholders. Hofstede proved this with work on IMB employees in 43 countries and how attitude to work and behaviour of employees towards authority differ from one location to the other. In his study he identified five dimensions of culture and demonstrated that there are national and regional cultural groupings that affect the behaviour and activities of organisations. The first dimension is power distance and refers to the degree to which people accept inequality amongst institutions and organisations. The second dimension, uncertainty avoidance measures the degree to which people are willing to accept change and work in uncertain circumstances. Therefore the higher the degree of uncertainty avoidance the more structured people likes things to be (Steers et al, 1993). Individualism which is the third dimension refers to the degree to which people see themselves as being part of a group or as individuals. His fourth culture dimension, masculinity versus femininity refers to the conventional values place